Wind in a Natural and Artificial Wildland Fire Fuel Bed

Fuel beds represent the layer of fuel that typically supports continuous combustion and wildland fire spread. We examine how wind propagates through above loose packed pine needle artificial 3D-printed in a tunnel. Vertical profiles horizontal velocities are measured for three with prescribed porosities two types made long-leaf needles. The dependence mean velocity within bed respect to ambient is linked porosity. Experimental results show significant structure vertical profile flow bed, suggest small-scale sweeps ejections play role this system redistributing momentum similar larger-scale canopy flows.